Table 2

Required Discriminatory Power and Need to Infer Genetic Relationships and/or Population Structure for Various Epidemiologic Applications of Bacterial Typing Techniques

Purpose
Example Research Goal
Discriminatory Power Needed
Need to infer genetic relationships and/or population structure

Confirm epidemiologic linkage
a. Determine if epidemiologically related cases share the identical organism. Result: either support or refute epidemiologic data.
Low
Low
Generate hypotheses about epidemiologic relationships between bacterial strains in the absence of epidemiologic data
a. Determine if time-space clustering surveillance isolates have identical or related genetic types. Result: trigger further epidemiologic investigation of related isolates.
b. Determine if outbreak is propagated. Result: trigger investigation into how is spread and/or control actions to stop spread.
c. Relate clinical outcomes to strain types or to the presence of transferable genetic material, e.g., antimicrobial resistance on a plasmid. Result: improve patient care.
Moderate to High
Moderate
Describe distribution of bacterial types and identify the determinants of that distribution
a. Test the hypothesis of clonal spread versus independent origin of a particular strain over disparate geographic areas. Result: Better predict emergence and spread of disease.
b. Determine flow of infection from one group to another. Result: Public health intervention
c. Identification of pathogenic factors. Result: Develop new interventions or therapies specific to those factors
Moderate to High
High

Foxman et al. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations 2005 2:10   doi:10.1186/1742-5573-2-10